Symptoms of bacterial infections include: reddened wounds, ulcers, missing scales, eroded fins and/or mouth. White, sugar grain-sized spots covering the body indicate marine white spot (Cryptocaryon), while finer white spots are likely marine velvet (Oodinium). External parasites may also show scratching behaviour.

What is ammonia?
Most ammonia generated in an aquarium is the result of the digestion of proteins by fish and other aquarium animals. Ammonia can also be released by the bacterial breakdown of excess food and other organic matter. It is extremely toxic to fish and invertebrates, especially in a marine aquarium due to the higher pH found in saltwater. Ammonia is broken down into nitrite by the beneficial bacteria in your aquarium filter or live rock and then subsequently into relatively harmless nitrate.

Why test for ammonia?
Low concentration of ammonia can cause respiratory and skin irritation to fish, while greater concentrations can lead to damage and ultimately death. Toxic ammonia can build up in aquariums where there are insufficient nitrifying bacteria to process the waste from the fish. This situation can commonly arise in new aquariums, when new fish are added, when the filter bacteria has been disrupted (e.g. during cleaning), or during accidental mis-dosing of aquarium medications.

What is the correct level of ammonia?
Ammonia should be kept at 0 mg/l at all times. Any positive ammonia reading likely indicates a problem with the aquarium and should be addressed.

What to do if the ammonia level is wrong?
If any ammonia is detected in your aquarium, use water changes to immediately dilute ammonia. Ensure that there is no uneaten food or decaying matter in the aquarium and use Live Filter Bacteria to help colonise the filter and restart the biological filtration.